Art Nouveau in Riga Architecture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2357 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Art Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Research work Art Nouveau in Riga Architecture Riga 2009 Contents 1. Art Nouveau†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. Art Nouveau in Riga.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 3. Art Nouveau in other areas.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 4. Elizabetes street 10b.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 5. Assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 6. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 1. Art Nouveau Art Nouveau is an international movement and style of art, architecture and applied art—especially the decorative arts—that peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century (1890–1905). The name Art nouveau is French for new art, it is also known as Art nouveau, German for youth style, named after the magazine Jugend, which promoted it. A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it is characterized by organic, especially floral and other plant-inspired motifs, as well as highly-stylized, flowing curvilinear forms. Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life. Art Nouveaus fifteen-year peak was strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Spain—but its influence was global. Hence, it is known in various guises with frequent localized tendencies. In France, Hector Guimards metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Galle was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy. Victor Horta had a decisive impact on architecture in Belgium. Magazines like Jugend helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic art form, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alfons Mucha, Rene Lalique, Antoni Gaudi and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner. Although Art Nouveau fell out of favor with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between the historicism of Neoclassicism and modernism. Furthermore, Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on the ir World Heritage List as significant contributions to cultural heritage. The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe, was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Art nouveau architecture, and four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as works of human creative genius that are outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society. It later influenced psychedelic art that flourished in the 1960s and 1970s. 2. Art Nouveau in Riga Riga, the capital of Latvia, is an Art Nouveau city. The city centre contains the finest concentration of Art Nouveau buildings in the world: more than one third of all buildings there is of Art Nouveau style. It is an urban ensemble, inscribed on the World Heritage List. The early 20th century was the golden age for the dev elopment of the city. It became one of the major centres of industry, trade and culture on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The population approximately doubled over the course of 15 years, surpassing 500,000 on the eve of World War I. The first Art Nouveau buildings in Riga appeared as early as 1899. Already after 1904 Eclecticism disappeared from Rigas construction activity, being completely replaced by Art Nouveau. This new style there was inspired by German, Austrian and Finnish architecture, but rooted mainly in local cultural traditions. Primarily local architects were employed, most of them having been graduated from the Architectural Department (established 1869) of the Riga Polytechnic Institute. In wide diversity of formal trends of Art Nouveau of Riga rather restrained, structural sense of architectural idiom prevail, although xtraordinary lavishly decorated buildings are presented as well. The most characteristic are so called Perpendicular Art Nouveau and Nationa l Romanticism. The latter reflected the search for the Latvian national identity in architecture. Art Nouveau in Riga was highly professional and versatile phenomena, where all visual arts were melded into one. 3. Art Nouveau in Other areas In Russia, the movement revolved around the art magazine Mir iskusstva (World of Art), which spawned the revolutionary Ballets Russes. The Polish Art Nouveau movement centered in Krakov and was part of the Mloda Polska movement. Stanislaw Wyspianski was the leading Art Nouveau artist in Poland, his paintings, theatrical designs, stained glass, and building interiors are widely admired and celebrated in the National Museum in Krakow. Art Nouveau buildings survive in most Polish cities, with the exception of Warsaw, where Communist authorities destroyed the few Art Nouveau buildings that survived the Nazi razing of Warsaw on the grounds that the buildings were decadent. The Slovene Lands was another area influenced by Art Nouveau. At its beginni ng, Slovenian Art Nouveau was strongly influenced by the Viennese Secession, but it later developed an individual style. Important Slovenian Art Nouveau architects include Max Fabiani, Joze Plecnik and Ivan Vurnik. Italys Stile Liberty reflected the modern design emanating from the Liberty Co store, a sign both of the Art Nouveaus commercial aspect and the imported character that it always retained in Italy. The spread of Art Nouveau in Portugal suffered a delay due to slowly developing industry, although the movement flourished. Especially in cities like Oporto and Aveiro, in which can be found numerous buildings influenced by European models mainly by French architecture. Art Nouveau was also popular in the Nordic countries, where it became integrated with the National Romantic Style. Good examples are the neighborhoods of Katajanokka and Ullanlinna, located in Helsinki, Finland, as well as the Helsinki Central railway station, designed by the architect Eliel Saarinen. As i n Germany, Jugendstil is the prevailing term used for the style. Although no significant artists in Australia are linked to the Art Nouveau movement, many buildings throughout Australia were designed in the Art Nouveau style. In Melbourne, the Victorian Arts Society, Milton House, Melbourne Sports Depot, Melbourne City Baths, Conservatorium of Music and Melba Hall, Paston Building, and Empire Works Building all reflect the Art Nouveau style. 4. Elizabetes street 10b Architect Mikhail Eisenstein Civil engineer, revered Latvian architect, whose 18  apartment buildings  have been built in Riga at the turn of 19th and 20th centuries. A personality of extraordinary temper and artistic inspiratione, Eisenstein felt building material absolutely precisely combining its colours and structures in a neat way. Fecundity of his imagination found expression in creation of numerous buildings. Facades of these buildings represent exuberant set of decorations in which ornamentals of Art No uveau interlace with forms of different historical styles. His works in general show us unusual riot of elements: stylized flowers, garlands, half-naked women-sirens, screaming masks, wild animals, such as lions, figures of sphinxes and monsters. Amid all of this he adds to the geometrical composition of his buildings balconies of varied forms, oriels, bizarre window embrasures. Eisensteins creations are like the embodiment of scream about the crisis of arts of that period of time. Masks, seen on his buildings appear to us screaming in horror and yearning for new. Eisenstein paid limited attention to the layout of rooms and to the functionality of inner space, emphasizing only the exterior of buildings. At one time his works came under criticism Rigans said that his use of decorations is the enormity. But in the long run people realised the beauty of this always-flowering garden made in stone. Mikhail Eisensteins son is the famous Russian film director Sergey Eisenstein. Buil ding Among the most dramatic of Eisenstein`s structures, also commissioned by A. Lebedinsky in 1903, Is an apartment building located at 10b Elizabetes Street. According to Janis Krastins, it was based on pattern and elevation drawings worked out by Leipzig architects G. Wunschmann and H. Kozel. In its striking color contrast, unusual sculptural arrangements, and experiments with scale and proportion the edifice totally dominantes the city block. It is a symmetrical four-story building with strongly projecting bay Windows spanning the second and third stories. The balances of vertical elements, such as the piers flanking the bay Windows that continue through the four stories, are contrasted with the very prominent, deeply grooved stringcourse and cornice. Curved arches of the central entrance and the reversed arches in blue tile afford a graceful play and a delightful contrast to the rectangular elements. Sky- blue tile also accentuates the third and fourth levels and contrasts w ith the buff colored stone of the building. The theme expressed on this facade and also often found in Symbolist art, deals with conflicting forces in the world: the rational and the chaotic. The building is dominated by two gigantic female profiles flanking the lunette, which tops the central bay. The intertwining serpents atop their diadem and the immense size of these heads that is out of proportion to the rest of the sculptural decoration poses qustions of their identity. Their mysterious and aloof demeanor brings to mind the archetypal females depicted by the Flemish Symbolist painter Fernand Knopff, who throughout his lifetime pondered the enigmatic nature of woman. The serpent has numerous symbolic associations and is often linked with the feminine principle. It also associated with the great mysteries and cosmic forces and is a symbol of strength, energy and wisdom. The serous, introspective expression registered on the faces of the women suggests a calm rationality th at is in triking contrast to the three screaming male heads that suggest the demonic and disturbing forces in the world. This theme of torment and anguish has preoccupied many Symbolist artists, among them Edvard Munsh whose painting The scream represents the tortured side of the psyche and is viewed as metaphor for anxiety in the modern world. It is not coincidental that directly beneath the screaming head emerges one of the most often used Art Nouveau symbols – the stately peacock whose fan-shaped tail is often associated with the vault of heaven and the eyes as watchful stars. The peacock is also primary symbol of unity, thus, despite the opposing forces depicted above it may be symbolic of cosmic reconciliation. The image of the peacock in a smaller version is repeated above the second floor Windows and there its elaborate wings culminate in sinuous stems, curves and flowers once more suggesting the unity in nature. Originally four semi-nude idealized female figures spanned the second floor. Two of them emerged above entrance and one appeared on each end of the facade. Their outstretched hands, perpendicular to the facade, held golden hoops and animated the space above and below them. The circle, represented by the golden rings, has many associations, among them unity, cosmic oneness, and perfection. Thus, in the context of the entire symbolic presentation, they once more underline the idea of unity and reconciliation between opposing forces in the universe. These are most likely the „iron maidens† and represent the architectural fantasy in the wildest Style Modern† described by Sergei in his memoirs. To Sergei Eisenstein, however, the golden hoops accentuate the lack of understanding between him and his father. Recalling the maidens and the effect they had on him during a carriage ride with his father in Saint Petersburg in 1916 he states:†Outstretched hands do not hold golden rings of agreement. Nor is there a golden ring of outstretched hands of mutual understanding between the two passengers of this ride. Such hands and rings never existed on Nikolayev Street 6, Apartment 7† It is not certain when these figures were removed from the facade but their dismemberment had made a lasting impression on Sergei:†I hardly remember the day of their unveiling, but I do remember that day when taken apart, like drainpipes, they left in pieces their proud pedestals The effect is shocking and one fine day the maidens, broken into torsos, breasts, hands, waists and legs, end their strange existence No doubt, remembering them, I broke into pieces, with such delicate excitement, the figure of Alexander III in first episode of October. the downfall of Papa`s creation, also spoke to me personally of my liberation from Papa`s authority. † The rest of the decorative elements on this facade depict stylized swags, rings, medallions and chains that may be inspired by metalwork. Similar embellish ments were also used by Otto Wagner in several of his buildings, including his Moderne Galerie(1900), the apartment house at Linke Wienzeile 40 (1898-1899) and the Bridge across Zeile. These forms rendered in angular precision rather than flowing line, may attest to Eisenstein`s background as a engineer, and the new machine age of which he was an integral part. However, flower and plant motifs often accompany these geometric forms. Flanking the two doorways on both sides of the central entrance of the Lebedinsky house are stylized owls, birds of the night, whose large eyes are rendered as blossoms, once more accentuating the unifying elements in nature. The merging of geometric and natural elements is also seen in the row of eagles, universally considered the king of birds and identified the sun, victory and royalty by many cultures. It is not coincidental that their fierce beaks hold a circle, the symbol of unity, oneness and perfection. The building facade and the interior w ere restored in 2000. 5. Assessment As all Art Nouveau buildings, this too is made from that time this was brought from the then widely used materials, like glass, ferroconcrete and metal. aterials themselves attain because they are widely applicable, easy to handle and if use them correctly, can get such beautiful buildings as this one. The building is certainly a remarkable masterpiece, it included into the Old Cities Old Walls, as well as new urban form. It attracts all bystanders with their abundance of the ornamental and the tangible experience. This work has helped us gain a broader picture of the Art Nouveau buildings, not only from books, but also viewed their own and explores the buildings. It is much pleasant to realize that you know what you see, when you simply walking along the street. With this building we acquainted with making photos of it and observing it. Also we collect literature in libraries and summarize information from internet. 6. References 1. Silvija Gr osa â€Å"Art Nouveau in Riga by Silvija Grosa†, Jumava 2. J. Krastins „Art Nouveau buildings in Riga† Riga, 2007. g. 3. Solveiga Rasa â€Å"Mihails Eizensteins – Mikhail Eisenstein† 4. E. Laube Par buvniecibas stilu Zalktis, 1908. g. No. 4. 5. www. wikipedia. org 6. www. viswiki. com 7. www. kultua. lv Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Art Nouveau in Riga Architecture" essay for you Create order

The Dominican Republic As A Middle Income Developing Country

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The Orthodontic Tooth Movement Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Orthodonticss tooth motion is achieved by presenting a changeless controlled force to the dentition. The continuance of the force applied is the cardinal factor for successful tooth motion instead than the force magnitude. The purpose of the orthodontias intervention is to accomplish good occlusion with minimum side effects. We will write a custom essay sample on The Orthodontic Tooth Movement Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Several factors should be considered during the orthodontic intervention such as force type, force magnitude and the continuance of intervention to avoid the unwanted consequence. Proffit have defined the orthodontic tooth motion as a biological response due to the alterations in the physiological equilibrium of the dentofacial composite when an external force is applied. Theories of orthodontic tooth motion Dentitions are positioned in harmoniousness with the unwritten environment to keep their place. The applied forces will do histological alterations during teeth motion. These forces will do bone reabsorption on the force per unit area side and deposition on the tenseness side, most significantly that the capillaries remain patent on the tight side to let cell proliferation and avoid the formation of hyalinized zone On the other manus bone formation will happen at the tenseness side due to the increased periodontic ligament breadth and the proliferating fibroblast and osteoprogenitor cells. Osteoblast will be formed from the proliferated osteoprogenitor and will deposite osteoid and consequence in bone formation. ( systematic reappraisal ) Several theories have been proposed to explicate orthodontias tooth motion. The chief theories are: Biomechanical theory The biomechanical theory is chiefly based on experiments and cellular response observation explicating the biological events during orthodontic tooth motion. The earliest grounds back uping the function of Prostaglandin in orthodontic tooth motion was provided by Hang ( Hang et al 1976 ) . He noticed that mechanical deformation of the cell membrane in a civilization dish will increase the synthesis of Prostaglandin. Later Harrel supported these determination in his in vitro. Harrel showed that mechanical deformation will bring forth Prostaglandin and cyclin adenosine monophosphate ( hundred AMP ) .HARREL 1977 Other research workers ( rodan et al 1975, davidaritch and shanfield 1975 ) have found that mechanical deformation will do alterations in the intracellular bases alterations. The biomechanical theory was based on these determination and proposed that mechanical strain of the cell membrane will trip the cell signaling cascade. Initially phospholipase A2 will be activated which will originate the metamorphosis of arachidonic acid. The leukotrienes and the Prostaglandins will be synthesized in response to the metamorphosis of Arachidonic acid. The synthesis of Prostaglandin will increase three clip after five proceedingss. The Prostaglandin so activates the G proteins receptors on the cell membrane which will originate a 2nd courier signaling cascade doing a cellular response taking to cram remodeling. Yamasaki provided farther grounds to back up this theory by planing a three stage split mouth study to look into the consequence of administering Prostaglandin on orthodontic tooth motion. One side was injected with Prostaglandin and the contra sidelong served as the control. Phase one involved the motion of the upper first premolar buccaly. The rate of tooth motion was doubled on the injected side when compared to the control side. Phase two involved abjuration of the eyetooth into the upper first premolar infinite utilizing sectional contraction cringles. The findings were similar to phase one. The 3rd stage involved the abjuration of the eyetooth with the everyday mechanics. The rate of motion was 1.6 faster on the injected side than the control side. No inauspicious effects were recorded in the gum or the alveolar bone. Yamasaki et Al 1984 piezoelectric theory This theory proposes that the force per unit area applied to the tooth will be transferred to the next dental consonant bone which will react by flexing and doing little electrical current produced by negatrons being transferred from distorted crystal construction to another. The electrical current will trip the osteoclast and bone-forming cell and consequence in bone remodeling required for tooth motion ( mcdonald 1993 ) This theory was supported by Baumrind ‘s split oral cavity survey on rats. Baumrind showed that the tooth Crown will displace 10 times more than the decrease of the periodontic ligaments on the force per unit area side. The difference in the sum of supplanting between the Crown and periodontic ligament has lead to the premise that the alveolar bone deflects more readily than the periodontic ligament. Sing the sum of crown warp and the periodontic ligament alterations, it can be concluded that lower forces can be used to bring forth bone warp which will make alterations in the periodontic ligaments. ( baumrind 1969 ) Several surveies on animate beings and human look intoing an endogenous electric signals, bioelectric potency, showed that the application of low electromotive force direct current will modify the bioelectric potency and cellular activity doing faster tooth motion when compared to a control group. ( giovanelli s A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.ref 9 p324 ) Davidovich showed that by using electrical current ( 15 A ; Acirc ;  µ As ) combined with force of 80 g will heighten bone resoprtion near the anode and bone deposition near the cathode when compared to the control. ( Davidovich et al 1980 ) Heller and Nanda demonstrated that periodontic ligaments are less likely to undergo tensile strain or reassign the force straight to the alveolar bone. ( Heller and Nanda 1979 ) Piezoelectric signals characterize by a fast decay rate even if the force is maintained as the crystals will stay stable. If the force was removed the crystal will return to the original form and an tantamount signal and antonym in way will be created. The function of emphasis generated signals during normal chew is good documented in the literature in keeping the alveolar bone. On the other manus, the changeless orthodontic forces will make a brief signal which will non make a outstanding emphasis generated signals. These signals have small if anything to make with tooth movment.Profit text book Pressure tenseness hypothesis Authoritative hypothesis proposed by Oppenheim, Sandstedt and Schwarz based on histological research. This theory proposes that tooth motion will happen in the periodontic ligaments and the collagen fibres will make a force per unit area and tenseness sides reassigning the applied forces to the next alveolar bone. The forces should be less than the capillary blood force per unit area to keep the blood flow and avoid bone mortification. On the force per unit area side, the periodontic ligament will expose disorganisation and the cell reproduction will diminish in response to the vascular bottleneck. On the tenseness side the periodontic ligament will be stretched and increase the cell reproduction. Baurmrind 1969 study showed statistically important addition in cell reproduction during tooth motion and there was a decrease in collagen formation rate on the tenseness and force per unit area side. Heller and Nanda ( 1979 ) interfered with the collagen map and metamorphosis by administering lathyritic agent beta aminoproprionitrile and showed that normal tooth motion will happen in periodontic ligaments with disrupted collagen fibres. Their findings demonstrated that periodontic ligaments are less likely to undergo tensile strain or reassign the force straight to the alveolar bone. Bone bending Orthodontic tooth motion stages Once the orthodontic force is applies to the tooth the bone reconstructing procedure will get down. During the first six to eight yearss at that place will be an initial period of rapid motion due to the periodontic ligaments compaction and tooth supplanting within the periodontic ligament. The blood supply will be reduced or cut off bring forthing hyalinized zone ; a vascular cell free zone. In the 2nd stage ; the slowdown stage ; tooth motion will be minimum or will halt wholly due to the hyalinized zone. On the histological degree Retain ( 1957, 1960 ) have reported that the a vascular cell free zone will be formed even with minimum force and the a vascular cell free zone will happen more with short roots. The slowdown in tooth motion varies between four to twenty yearss harmonizing to the applied force ; with light forces the slowdown stage will be comparatively short and it will increase with heavier forces. The periodontic ligaments will reorganise to take the hyalinized zone by phagocytosis ; foreign organic structure gaint cells, macrophages, fibroblast and pre-osteoclasts will be recruited from the neighbouring undamaged alveolar bone marrow pits and the periodontic ligaments. Once the avascular cell free zone is removed tooth motion will get down once more ; the last stage. Tooth motion normally begins 40 yearss after the initial force application. Recent survey by Von Bohl demonstrated that the hyalinized zone will be formed during the last stage and it is more frequent with high forces and have no consequence on orthodontic tooth motion at this phase as the bone reconstructing procedure will go on at a certain rate independently from the force magnitude. Von Bohl concluded that the formation of a vascular cell free zone is apart of the orthodontic tooth motion procedure. His study supported the pervious determination of Owman moll et Al 1996 and Vas leeuwen 1999 Orthodontic force magnitude Orthodontic forces can delivered through the usage of fixed contraptions, removable contraptions, TAD, excess orally such as caput gear amp ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦etc.to achieve the coveted tooth motion different force magnitude will be required. The recommended forces are: bodily motion tipping invasion bulge How to cite The Orthodontic Tooth Movement Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Trends In Foreign Market Entry Mode Choices â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Trends In Foreign Market Entry Mode Choices? Answer: Introducation Direct Exporting: The Company will be selling products directly into the new market by using distributors and agents as representatives. The distributors and agents will be the face of our company, and they will work closely with the head office to represent the company interests in the global markets(Abdi Aulakh, 2012, p. 480). International Joint Ventures: Entering into a joint venture with a foreign company dealing with the clothing products will help our company to penetrate the new markets by facing a few obstacles. Ideally, the international joint venture offers expertise about the new market and provide necessary business networks(Calegario, Houston, Bruhn, 2015, p. 49). Trade Intermediaries: Our Company will use trade intermediaries to save on the resources that may be required to enter the new markets directly. Trader intermediaries usually buy products at the lower rate and resell them in the global markets(Brouthers Hennart, 2012, p. 398). Direct Exporting Directing exporting through distributors and agents in the overseas markets will offer our business low-risk strategy of entering the international arena. It is cheap and easier to export directly in the new global markets instead of transferring our production to the host country target markets. Our company is still small and therefore, relying on direct exporting will save it from international markets entry resource commitment, excessive costs and risks associated with the new market entry strategies. Our product, Trendy T-Shirt have not yet entered the international arena. Therefore, there is less competition for our product in the new markets, and it will be easy to get it sold through direct exporting. Direct exporting gives our company an opportunity to engage the natives in the host country as company distributors and agents. International Joint Ventures Establishing international joint ventures will enable our company to sell products in the new markets without necessarily meeting the trade regulations in the host country. The company in the foreign market will cater for the business compliance requirements. International joint ventures will work best for the countries that tax foreign business higher than the domestic ones. This strategy can be appropriate when entering the Chinese market as well as other countries in the Asian continent. This strategy will the most suitable for the countries that require all business ventures to have partial ownership of the domestic business partners(Matarazzo Resciniti, 2014, p. 60). Joint venture strategy will help our company to penetrate new markets with ease because all the market operations and activities will be left to be handled by the foreign company. Trade Intermediaries Our company is still young and new in the international market. Therefore, it will appropriate to rely on entrepreneurial intermediaries to provide company products in the new markets. Trade intermediaries have established relationships and contacts and hence will save our company more resources that could have been employed on other strategies. The low price that our company will sell products to international intermediaries will be cheaper than the cost of entering the global markets directly. Our Company lacks international market expertise. However, selling products to the intermediaries at the reduced price will facilitate an entry strategy in the new markets. Trade intermediaries save our company from transportation and marketing costs that are transferred to the global entrepreneur through reduced product prices. References Abdi, M., Aulakh, P. (2012). Do country-level institutional frameworks and interfirm governance arrangements substitute or complement in international business relationships? Journal of International Business Studies, 43(5), 477497. Brouthers, K., Hennart, J. (2012). Boundaries of the firm: Insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 33(3), 395425. Calegario, C. L., Houston, J. E., Bruhn, N. P. (2015). Foreign Market Entry Strategies in the United States/European Union Agribusiness Trade Context. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, 3(3), 47-61. Matarazzo, M., Resciniti, R. (2014). New Trends in Foreign Market Entry Mode Choices: The Case of Italian MidSized Companies. Journal of International Business and Economics, 2(2), 57-70.

Is It Possible To Control Your Whole Life Is There A Way To Know How

Is it possible to control your whole life? Is there a way to know how your life will turn out before it happens? In the play of "Death of the Salesman" Willy loman faces these questions. Willy Loman was a simple man who was a salesman. Since Willy thought that his life was so simple he thought that he could control everything to it. Willy Loman thought that he could control the aspect of his job, he thought he could control how successful his kids were going to be in business and most of all the thought he could control how people had felt about him. In a way Willy Loman was living in his own little world were he had control when in fact his life had control over him. As this is seen Willy Loman doesn't realize that life is unpredictable you cant control every detail of were you work, what happens to your life nor can you control how people feel about you. Willy Loman feels that he has control over were he works. He feels that if he wants to make his life a little easier he can go to his boss and ask him to move him from working in New England to New York. As Willy leaves his house for Howard's (Willy's boss) office he says to his wife Linda "I'm gonna knock Howard for look, kid Ill get an advance and Ill come home with a New England job" (74). Willy Loman feels that he is in charge of his life. He thinks that since he worked for a sales company for a long time he can get what he wants. In fact, Willy Loman has no control over whether he will get the job in New York. When Willy goes to Howard Willy felt very confident that he will come back with the job after all he has worked with this company for a long time. As Willy had started talking to Howard the unexpected is said by his boss "I appreciat that Willy but there just is not a sport for you. If I had a sport for you would slam you in" (122). Not only didn't Willy get the New York j ob but he had lost his old job to. As this is said one of the critics remarks to this event by saying "The coldness of his former boss' son ? the bills, the car, the tinkering around the house. And most of it all: the illusions by which he has lived ? opportunities missed, wrong formulas for success, fatal misconceptions about his place in the scheme of things" (Atkinson 23). Willy sometimes lives in flashbacks of his life he sees the right path to a better life, he sees the changes he is going to do or are going to happen but when he goes back to the present he doesn't see the changes happen. An example is the flashback of when Willy's brother comes to visit. Ben is a self-made rich man and he offers willy a chance of a lifetime to work in Alaska. Willy decides not to as he says " We'll do it here, Ben you hear me? Were going to do it here!" The reason that Willy decided not to go with Ben was because he felt he was "building something with the firm" (85). As Willy goes to the present he realizes that that business has failed him and he really was not building anything. Another flashback seen that Willy goes back to is when Bernard comes over to Biff's house and tells him that he forgot to come over and study. When disappointed Bernard was leaving Willy had said "Bernard can get the marks in school, y'understand, but your going to be 5 times ahead of him in the business world" (33). What Willly meant by that was even though Bernares was smarter then his sons, they were going to be ahead in the business world. He was a firm believer in that its not what you know its who you know and how well you are liked and Willy had thought that his son's had the type of look to be liked unlike Bernard.

Sir Clement Freud, 24 April 1924 15 April 2009 - Emphasis

Sir Clement Freud, 24 April 1924 15 April 2009 Sir Clement Freud, 24 April 1924 15 April 2009 Writer, broadcaster, politician and chef: Clement Freud never ran short of ways to fill his time. This was true until the very end. He died at his desk yesterday. The grandson of Sigmund sometimes a cigar is just a cigar Freud, he first appeared in the public eye on adverts for Minced Morsels dog food, with his co-star and lookalike Henry the bloodhound. A varied career followed, from newspaper columns to the Houses of Parliament, but he is best remembered for his wonderfully dry wordplay. This quote sums up his humour and a way to laugh at our current situation perfectly: Theres not much doubt but we are in a period of great inflation. As the farmer said to me the other day, Apples are going up, to which I replied, This would come as a severe blow to Sir Isaac Newton.' Theres no doubt that his loss will be felt for much longer than just a minute.

Somali piracy and international law Research Paper

Somali piracy and international law - Research Paper Example Background of the study In 1991, Somali went down into war after the fall of Dictator Mohamed Siad Barrre (Little 79). Shortly after his fall, some foreign countries took advantage of the anarchy and sent their navy to fish in the Somali waters. Other countries took advantage of the situation to dump their toxic waste and nuclear waste at the sea. Due to lack of government in place to control such illegal activities in the Somali waters, the Somali fishermen began to organize themselves to confront waste dumpers and to collect some revenues from foreign fishers. It is this legitimate fight against foreign exploitation that turned to be a criminal venture after the Somalis discovered its profitable potentials (Little 99). Most of the people who are pirates along the Somali coast are actually not from the coast but are former militiamen whose biggest motivation is money (Kraska 155, Natalie, Joanna, and Donald 241). However, they justify their activities by claiming that they are always on a mission to defend their waters from illegal fishing and dumping of waste products. This has led to increased piracy along the Somali coast and has attracted the international response on the same. In this regard, the United Nations Security Council has passed a series of resolutions to give its forces legal authority to apprehend pirates. The Somali pirates were much angered by the council resolution and especially because it was initiated and promoted by the United States. In fact, this marked a clear start of Somali pirates’ connection with the Al-queda terror group (Little 49). Since the main aim of the Somali pirates is to scoop money from their victims, the Al-queda group targeted Somalia in order to us e Somalis along the coast to terrorize targeted citizens of certain states in the exchange of money. However, this did not seem to work for the Al-queda group as the Somali pirates considered this as a different mission altogether. After lacking concrete contact with the Somali pirates, the Al-queda group turned to Somali militia men who with the help of Al-queda consolidated their forces and named it ‘Al-shabab’ (Alina 481). Al-shabab conflicted the role played by the Somali pirates and started kidnapping citizens of western states. Their main target people were the tourists from the United States especially those that visit the border, Kenyan coast. In the recent developments, a German tourist was killed and his wife kidnapped by men believed to be members of Al-shabab terror group. However, the Kenyan government was quick to launch a manhunt for the Al-shabab in the effort to rescue the kidnapped lady. The Kenyan government declared war against both the Somali pirate s and the Al-shabab and launched a military land operation in Somalia. Kenya called for the intervention of the international community with the United States, Britain and Israel backing it up for the operation. Statement of the problem Since Somali attracted the international attention due to piracy activities, very little has been done by the international community to curb the menace. This is what has led to increased piracy activities along the Somali coast. In fact, the international

Process Design Matrix Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process Design Matrix - Coursework Example nsequently, this executive summary will be essential in advocating for varied aspects, which these firms entail to embrace in enhancing performance management for Engineering Support Service as well as Drive socket adapter. In improving the former, aspects that require consideration embrace product line, personal attention to approach and production line. Conversely, Drive socket adapter entail assembly line, batch as well as continuous flow approach. By considering these approaches, they will be of immense significance by firms in understanding, managing as well as enhancing respective process with ease. The focus of this aspect encompasses enhancing performance management, which implies addressing any issue that entail rectification and in regards to employees’ performances. Hence, rectify them in time to be at par with already set guidelines of policies devised to put the firm in an aggressive edge in the market. In realizing this, it encompasses upholding efficiency through employees’ praising and rewarding them based on their realizations. However, the measure of realizations entails effective strategies like each having a performance files (having at least 11-15 machine production lines), which will also be critical when considering their promotions. Mainly, this encompasses firms shunning the traditional fragmented processes that end up taking many resources that could have gone in other purposes. This is only realizable if firm have effective plan for each party besides considering the following, This is more of merging all operators’ intentions or goals towards enhancing quality of the aforementioned socket. Mainly, this is in such way the socket passes through respective assembly departments until the final one whereby afterwards inspection and shipping commences. Hence, ensuring the firm’s productions align with the management’s anticipated goals. Mainly, the appropriate approach encompasses employing â€Å"lean manufacturing process† whose

Strategic HRD and HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Strategic HRD and HRM - Essay Example Each cupboard is a complex ensemble of fume extraction units, plumbing, and electrical systems to be designed and fitted. Each cupboard is unique and requires flexibility and an attention to detail within the manufacturing process to suit client’s customization needs. The company delivers bespoke fume-cupboards to customers gate but does not get involved in its installation. The Company consists of 220 personnel, 175 of them work on manufacturing process-the core process. Balance of 45 personnel work in the sales department, design department and the support function. Support functions include payroll, accounts, HRM, and administration. HRD problem as identified in company structure appears to be the fact that HRM function is small and inadequately staffed within the company. Further evidence in the case reveals that this function is not able to achieve its objectives to a very large extent. Similarly, sales and design departments appear to be under Staffed.The Company has cor e operations in the manufacturing process in which 80% of employees are deployed. It comprises of several functional sections like the sheet metal cutting and folding for the cupboards, protective coating application, initial assembly, plumbing, and electrical sections. The first HRD/Organizational problem identified in core operations appears to be a loose span of supervisory control over laborers. Assuming 4 supervisors per functional section, we have about 20 supervisors in 5 sections and 155 laborers under such supervisors. Each supervisor on an average has about 8 laborers under him. The second problem relates to very high labor turnover on manufacturing shop floor. This disturbs the supervisor span of control further which is already high at 8 laborers and possibly obstructs the product customization process leading to defectives and quality deficiencies. Moreover, quality control function at the company is very weak too.

Sustainable Architecture and Design

Sustainable Architecture and Design Sustainable, eco-friendly architecture can often be seen as the radical hippy of neo-liberal architectural discourse, with its practical application in the 21st century limited and problematic. Is there space for the synergy of idea in this regard, producing usable and practical or whimsical and gracious buildings that also adhere to the classical ideas of beauty and proportion? Sustainable[1] and eco-friendly architectures[2] were the subject of much left of centre discourse throughout the 1960’s and 1970’s against the backdrop of late Modernism and the initiation of constructed, clean post–Modernity. They were in opposition to the shock of the ‘new’ the marvels of concrete and structural steel and the innovations that supported closed environments such as elevators and air-conditioning. The seemingly ‘hippy’ applications of buildings that suited the environment, responded to them, and trod lightly in their space appeared irreconcilable in the context of the masculine, rational and spare elements of Modernity. The fear that beauty[3] could not exist in a mixed relationship, that a building could be both environmentally friendly and be visually appealing was not always an option in the hegemony of late modernism. However, this paper discusses the synergies that arose from these apparently oppositional ideas. The modernist era of tower blocks and buildings that fitted in with the ‘form follows function’ premise, ignored the possibilities of working with the environment and also being informed by it. The post-War building boom was expeditious, masculine and prolific, with the modular systems of the International Style informing all of the above. The shock of the new, invention and innovation left little space for the architectures engaging with the environment or the vernacular textures. Issues of sustainability were very much part of a neo-liberal brief, and disregarded by the world order of the time who had not yet woken up to the issues regarding the depleted ozone layer and greenhouse gas emissions. However, occasionally, there was minor dissent, particularly in the British colonies, where the imposed architecture of the colonist had been, to some extent environmentally adapted by the settlers using vernacular materials and adapting some elements of the indigenous building systems that they found there. Throughout this, though, the prevailing post-War building idiom of the mother country was largely retained, adaptability being one of the successes of Modernism. Those careful and socially conscious architects that contested the climatically and culturally inappropriate imposition of modernism strove to combine old and new materials and old and new technologies to create regionally appropriate buildings that were a vernacular in their own right and yet a new architecture that combined all the radical notions popular in the hippy culture of the late 1960’s. Norman Eaton, a South African, was cognizant of environment and reduction of the air-conditioning loads when he designed his Netherlands Bank Building (1965) in Durban, South Africa, a five level building where the building stands on a white marble podium and forms a pavilion in the centre of the high-rise urban fabric. The external curtain wall is replaced by a brise-soliel of green ceramic hollow clay blocks forming a massive sunscreen and significantly reducing the air conditioning loads in a hot, humid climate. ‘The unbroken expanses of ceramic screening were the result of Eaton’s approach to the challenge of Durban’s heat and were not employed for aesthetic effect alone. The open and yet cool aspect of the interior and the considerably reduced load on the building’s air conditioning system testify to the screens functional success. Behind the screen and invisible from the outside a second curtain wall, this time of glass, also covers the building, so that all internal levels are well lit but at the same time well protected against the glare and heat of direct sunlight.’ (Haropp-Allin; 1975: 107) Visually, although the building is a regionalist adaptation of what was a prevailing modernist format, the building and its incorporated garden spaces provides cool relief and a refuge in a hard edged landscape.[4] Almost two decades later, the Australian John Andrews in his Eugowra Farmhouse, New South Wales, (1979) maximized the orientation of the building such that he combined the use of prevailing winds for cooling in the Australian outback together with a central fireplace for heating. A prominent rainwater tower in the centre of the roof is both a strong vertical element, creating ‘architecture’ and at the same time harvesting water which is a critical necessity in the arid environment. This element is also able to spray water onto the roof for cooling in extreme weather. This was all combined using modern materials in a vernacular idiom combined with a classical symmetry, producing a gracious neo-outback veranda house. With these examples quoted above, a strong sense of regionalism is implicit in the sustainability and the environmental generators that form the ‘natural’ brief. For a building to be modern, beautiful and environmentally sustainable, it follows that the structure should be in a regionalist ‘idiom’ using modern materials housing modern facilities, with the incorporation of some of the vernacular, as the meaning of the site and the climate is by definition a regionalist issue. It was not only in the antipodean regions that this critical discourse was occurring. From the beginning of the 1960s, a number of papers and publications supporting the architecture of the vernacular and its many manifestations, connecting this to environment, culture and landscape, spawned the radical publications such as ‘Shelter’ (1973) which explored the notions of building using traditional materials, textures and forms, and adding to this sustainable methods of drainage, rainwater capture, foundation formation and environmentally friendly methods of heating and cooling. This treatise however was aimed at people pursuing more of an alternative lifestyle, using the landscape and other culture’s building methods to house them in an ecologically sustainable fashion. More conventional publications such as the work of Fitch in 1960, and the works of Rudofsky (1965) and Rapaport (1969) explored the connections between climate, landscape and culture. They investiga ted the traditional means by which building were constructed to address all the social and climatic constraints that produce sustainable buildings that tread lightly on the landscape and do not need large amounts of extra resources such as heating, cooling, and electricity consumption. These publications were still way left of the conservative centre, and not embraced by the rapidly mechanized northern countries. Few architects in the formal sector were prepared to stick their necks out in this regard, leaving the alternative housing solutions to those that pursued alternative lifestyles. A marked example does, however, stand out- Paolo Solieri, a student of Frank Lloyd Wright conceived of his Arcosanti Project in 1970, where some 70 miles north of Phoenix, Arizona, a compact complex hoping to eventually house some 5000 people is designed in a way such that the outside arable land is maximized, the living areas are condensed providing ready access to open desert for all dwellers, an d a number of large greenhouses provide food for the inhabitants. These structures also act as solar collectors for winter heat. Solieri’s aim was to design an urban environment that would function in a manner providing the maximum social, economic and health benefits, as well as treading lightly on the landscape on which it sits minimizing the effects on the earth. His principle of ‘arcology which married the ideas of ecology and architecture is described below. In nature, as an organism evolves it increases in complexity and it also becomes a more compact or miniaturized system. Similarly a city should function as a living system. It must follow the same process of process of complexification and miniaturisation to become a more lively container for the social, cultural and spiritual evolution of humankind. The central concept around which these developments revolve is that of arcology- architecture and ecology as one integral process. Arcology is capable, at least theoretically, of demonstrating positive response to the many problems of urban civilization, population, pollution, energy and natural resource depletion, food scarcity and quality of life. Arcology is the methodology that recognizes the necessity of the radical reorganization of the sprawling urban landscape into dense, integrated, three- dimensional cities in order to support the complex activities that sustain human culture. The city is the necessary instrument for the evolut ion of humankind. Paolo Soleri (Arcosanti Workshops 2000 pamphlet) The Cosanti-Arcosanti pamphlet notes that Newsweek commented that ‘As urban architecture, Arcosanti is probably the most important urban experiment undertaken in our lifetime’ (Cosanti-Arcosanti pamphlet; 2000) However, despite this accolade by the popular, ‘thinking’ press, the project, nearly four decades later, struggles along still in the construction process, and is more of a site for those people that pursue the alternative than people living mainstream, corporate lifestyles. As a site it is a museum, a school, a point of pilgrimage. For very few people, it is a lifestyle. Bringing these combined issues of ecological, social and economic sustainability, to the forefront, making them trendy and implicit, has been the largest challenge to the production of sustainable architectures. The realisation that the construction industry and the operation of the buildings that it makes, as Hyatt quotes (himself and) Edwards (Hyett in Abley Heartfield;2001:30) ma kes it ‘responsible for 50% of ‘all energy resources consumed across the planet, making the construction industry ‘the least sustainable industry in the world’. This fact has taken a while to entrench itself in ‘first world’ industry. Issues of sustainability and appropriate technology are not new- as mentioned earlier they formed the basis of developmental jargon in the ‘Third’ World. Sustainability in architecture as a technical approach in the management of particular resources has been the subject of discussions in the last three decades, with the 1975 ‘Alternatives to Growth’ conference which expanded the definition realizing the limits of a static- state economy: this time sustainability fell within the realms of the economists and not the built environment practitioners. Then, the issue of the control of technology by the Northern Hemisphere was dealt with by Willy Brandt who, in 1980, led the Independent Commission on International Development Issues, producing a report headed ‘North- South- A Programme for Survival’. (Heartfield in Abley Heartfield; 2001:97) Here, the connections between sustainable development and appropriate technology were made, entrenching the i dea of appropriate technology in a developing country context. This was almost fatal, as Heartfield notes ‘What appropriate technology meant for the less developed world was the lowering of expectations; less capital input, less expenditure, less technology.’ (Ibid;97) Perhaps this perceived ‘lower’ level of existence is one of the reasons why the plea for incorporation of these ideas of sustainability in the northern hemisphere fell largely on deaf ears. ‘It could be said that sustainability is a fudge. It raises all the same presuppositions of the limits to growth thesis, that absolute resource limits are upon us, but avoids their implied conclusion, a moratorium on growth. What the concept of sustainability preserves of the ideology of limits is the sentiment of constraint and parsimony.’ (Ibid;97) Finally, the Bruntland Report [5] submitted in 1987 is seen by Heartfield as being credited with the ‘popularizing of the concept of sustai nable development.’ (Ibid:96). However, although this may have made the concept more digestible, it did little for popularizing its practice, for, as the Bruntland Report, quoted in Heartfield states- ‘Sustainable development requires that those who are more affluent adopt lifestyles within the planet’s ecological means’.(Ibid:97) Despite this so called acceptance, a much later technical work in a somewhat a pleading tone, by Crowther notes that ‘The ecologic responsibility is to ourselves and the global legacy of human habitation. Every choice made from concept, to design, to realization is a demand that results in ecologic and biologic consequence.’ (Crowther;1992:vii) However, the throwing of these twentieth century gauntlets such as that by Crowther has received results in latter years. Prototypical examples as that presented by Pearson in his Gaia House (Pearson;1989:40-41) may have influenced some of the challenges to be presented; the principles in his charter declare ‘Design for harmony with the planet, Design for peace for the spirit, and Design for the health of the body. The first instruction involves the use of ‘green materials’ that have as embedded qualities ‘low environmental and social costs’, which are ultimately bio-degradable and can be or are recycled. Together with this the importance of correct orientation, the use of all the elements for energy including wind, recycling grey water and collecting rain water all add to the minimized impact on the soil. Pearson also mentions the need to maximize the efficiency of the natural spaces by planting indigenous trees and flowers. (Pearson;1989:40) It was only recently, with the building explosion on the Pacific Rim, and the attacks on the World Trade Centre, that the northern hemisphere began to seriously address these issues of sustainable construction, particularly in the densely populated cities of Europe. In October 2001, the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), hosted a conference that was to address the issues of creating environments that addressed issues of sustainability. This conference, ‘Sustainability at the cutting edge’, ‘was to provide an overview of the science and technology behind sources of renewable energy which would assume prominence in the next decade. This review was placed in the context of increasing concern about the impact of climate change and the fact that the built environment in countries like the UK is the worst culprit in terms of carbon dioxide emissions.’ (Smith,2003;xi) This quotation, from Smith’s technical work, emerged from this gathering. More of a handbook, it examines environmentally sensitive options for heating and cooling, and offering the option for drastically reducing emissions in urban buildings in an environment that (now) tacitly accepts the need for ecological architecture. A number of approaches which demonstrate the sensitive manipulation of all elements of the brief to create an ecologically sound, a culturally sensitive, a socially appropriate and an economically viable building have come to light, many of which employ much of Pearson’s First Principle as mentioned above.[6] The examples fulfill a variety of scales of development, and different intensities in terms of sustainability with regards to site. On the one hand, it is sadly disasters that prompt new innovative methods of shelter, in a modular though aesthetic form. Out of the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe came the Modular Transitional Growth Housing (MTGH)[7] a conceptual system that consists of a number of elegant forms which can be bunched together in a variety of forms and combinations to shelter, recycle, light and cool. Architect Philippe Barriere introduces a BioClimatic design element with high ceilings and naturally stimulated ventilation which assists in the above. However, this highly conceptual modular structure is on the knife edge of socially practical and Marxist zeal- seen as an approach that can solve a multitude of housing problems from disaster relief to inner city complexes to fishing retreats, the reality of its implementation is as conceptually choppy as Arcosanti- mass appeal is visual but not implicit. A more practical and tangible solution to a mass housing challenge is the Greenwich Millennium Village (GMV) by Ralph Erskine, (a veteran of inner city housing in his seminal Byker Wall Project at Newcastle-upon-Tyne) together with EPR Architects Limited.[8] The concept is the total regeneration of the Greenwich Peninsula, particularly the site of the former gasworks, where the Millennium Dome[9] stands. Its proximity to central London and the City mean that its viability as a dormitory suburb on bus and train routes is practical. The discourse as to how to reuse ‘brownfield’ sites is to some extent resolved here, with the ultimate provision of some 900 residences by the end of 2007 with expansions continuing till 2015. The most important feature of this project is that a newly formed community is occupying the apartments that cater for a variety of different ‘social classes’, with a series of amenities such as an ‘eco-park’ green space, as well as office and retail developments. Using a prefabricated system, the buildings are hardy, but incorporate a generous use of colour. From the perspective of the environmental sustainability point of view, the rainwater is collected, grey water is recycled, insulation is good, which minimizes overheating by artificial means in winter, and the use of recycled materials such as timber, street furniture, and concrete has been a priority (GMV Fact Sheet 5[10]). Maximum efficiency is critical to the brief and in this regard, the website offers the following information- The need for artificial lighting is minimized by the provision of large windows meaning less running costs. These windows are made from environmentally sustainable material, and are also well insulated and draught proofed. Thermally, the buildings are constructed to standards 10% higher than the national standards, which assist in the reduction of emissions. Also, the highly coloured paint is specially chosen for its non-toxic values, and is a non-polluting paint. Water saving devices are used in all sanitary fittings, and plumbed appliances. The rooms in the apartments have sliding sections that maximizes flexibility and enables multiple uses of living space[11]. Power is supplied by a combined heat and power system (CHP) where the generated heat (as opposed to the generated power) is put to use. Excess power is sold off to the national grid (GMV Fact Sheet 4[12]) The energy constraints that were used as a benchmark in the design process ranged from the amount of energy required for manufacture, to the contribution their manufacturer makes to greenhouse gas emissions. The success of this project thus far has meant that the developers were the first large developers in the United Kingdom to be awarded the ‘Excellent Eco-Homes’ rating which is an incentive submitted by the Building Research Establishment to promote the construction of eco-friendly domestic buildings. This is certainly a far cry from the establishment’s attitude a few years ago! The multi-award winning BedZED (Beddington Zero Energy Development) completed in 2002 through the Peabody Trust with Bill Dunster Architects also puts these principles into practice. The mixed-use and mixed-tenure development of BedZED is the UK’s first and largest ‘carbon-neutral eco-community’, also built on a ‘brownfields’ site[13] in Sutton, near London. The concept behind the project was to produce as much energy from renewable sources as it consumes, creating a net zero-fossil energy development, and therefore a ‘carbon-neutral development’; it thus provides no net addition of CO2 to the atmosphere[14]. Smith describes the development as ‘a prescription for a social revolution; a prototype for how we should live in the twenty-first century if we are to enjoy a sustainable future. (Smith;2003:153) The BedZED design concept is itself a model of flexibility, with a variety of different forms of accommodation as well as different types of tenure. Altogether there are 82 homes of different sizes, some for sale and others rental units aimed at social housing income levels. Amenity is also important, cementing social sustainability, with facilities such as a kindergarten, health centre, commercial use node, exhibition centre and an organic shop! Environmental sustainability is ensured through the construction of massive walls that store heat for release in cooler periods. Also, a 300mm rock-wool insulation (Smith; 2003:54) provides for extra insulation on both the walls and the roof. The windows are triple glazed. Orientation plays a large part in the energy efficiency of the buildings, with north facing elevations of office and commercial space optimizing the softer light and minimizing the need for air-conditioning, whilst the homes, which benefit from the warmer orientation, face south. Low energy lighting is used where needed to assist in the reduction of electrical output. As with GMV, the choice of materials was dependant on their low embodied energy, and were sourced from suppliers as close as possible to minimize transport energy costs. The use of timber from sustainable sources, recycled materials, grey water recycling, solar power, and roof gardens serve to embed the environmental responsibility. Power is also supplied by a CHP plant. A critical point about BedZED is the minimizations of vehicle use- residents are encouraged through education and the ‘Green Transport Plan’ to promote alternative means of transport such as walking and cycling.[15] Also, the provision of efficient public transport means that the reliance on motor cars can be reduced. A larger infrastructural solution is that of the Vastra Hamnen waterfront development at Malmo in Southern Sweden. This used to be a ‘brownfields’ site that was part of the old dockyard. A number of architects including Erskine are involved with the project. The city was participant in the forming of the brief, dictating colour, ecological rigour, provision of park space, and minimal building performance. A wind turbine provides a large source of energy. Again, the complex is socially mixed, minimizing the potential for creating class-based residential neighbourhoods and there are shops on the street level, with the intention that the owners live above them. As in the previous example, the streets are car free and a pool of electric vehicles which are powered by wind energy is available to transport residents to town. Sewage enters the main system in the city, but other waste is dispensed of internally, where residents dispose of food in one tube and then dry waste in an other. The tubes lead to common disposal sites where the dry waste is incinerated and the food is composted providing biogas which returns to the occupants through the gas main. Smith considers this project as one that has ‘achieved reconciliation between market forces and environmental priorities.’ (Smith;2003:144) The single-building environmentally-efficient challenge was taken up by Sir Norman Foster and his partner Ken Shuttleworth in the Swiss Re Headquarters building, St Mary Axe. It remodeled a conceptual idea developed by Sir Buckminster Fuller and Foster in 1971 called the ‘Climatroffice’ which ‘suggested a new rapport between nature and workspace; its garden setting created a microclimate within and energy conscious enclosure, while its walls and roof were dissolved in a continuous triangulated skin. (Walker in Heartfield Abley;2001:207) Swiss Re was completed in 2004. It is notably the first building of its kind in England to manipulate environmental conditions to minimize air-conditioning, wind loads etc. The forty floors are designed as a series of rectangular plates that spiral up the building, assisting in daylight entering the building and reducing the amount of artificial lighting (Powell;2003:219) Revival of and recirculation of stale air is facilitated by roof gardens, also known as ‘bioclimatic terraces’ which re-oxygenate the building. These roof gardens are also used as social gathering spaces, which aids in increasing the quality of the work place. Most of the ventilation is natural, and unlike many buildings of its kind, the windows can all open. The base of the building has been formed to minimize wind load on the building and to minimize the creation of wind corridors so often found at street level in cities. (Powell;2001:219) The new age commitment to the environment and the lessening of emissions is often approached with zeal- Artist Freidensreich Hundertwasser was approached by the Mayor of Vienna to remodel the Spittelau Energy Plant. At first he turned it down, opposed to the assumed ecological failings embodied in the project. However, after assurances that the remodeling of the plant would be including the provisions for drastically reducing emissions, he took on the project for free. Working together with Architect Peter Pelikan, the industrial faà §ade was remodeled into a whimsical parody, where ‘The power plant†¦.. shows how to foreground the open creative spirit in harmony with nature and the anonymous city’ (Asensio;2003:31). Although this is not necessarily as direct an example as some of the new constructions mentioned above, I suggest that it is valid, given that the pressure to reuse buildings is a large part of architectural discourse, and is itself a tactic of sustaina bility and environmental recycling, the ‘greening’ of them in terms of minimizing emissions, changing technologies, and in this case mitigating the massive industrial-ness of the power station, makes it more socially environmentally friendly for the residents of Vienna. In the introduction to New Architecture in Britain, Powell states: ‘the future of architecture, in Britain and elsewhere is linked to such vital issues- the fate of our cities, the housing crisis and the protection of the earth’s fragile environment- that discussion of style seems almost irrelevant.’ (Powell;2003:20) This statement, in a glossy publication of contemporary architecture is a far cry from the plea made by Crowther less than a decade ago[16]. Whilst I agree with Powell that the language of architecture is changing, as it always does, the discussion of style is not irrelevant- low budget beauty and elegance is provided by the (highly theoretical) MGTH project, a mix of economic and social strata is contained in the Greenwich Millennium Village, a bold development more agreeable with the Vitruvian ‘Commodity and Firmness’, the BedZED and Vastra Hamnen developments that limit motor vehicles and provide the use of electric cars. Ironically, i t is perhaps the Swiss Re building, as Powell suggested in his 2001 volume ‘(that) reinforces the point that office towers can be distinctive, even beautiful, objects that complement, rather than deface, the skyline.’ (Powell;2001:219) which has managed to push the issue of sustainability and its connection with the very possibility of aesthetic beauty in the Vitruvian model into the forefront of populist architecture. However, we must not forget, in the clamour of the new, those early visionaries that promoted the values of engaging with the environment and treading with sensitivity. The investigations into the connection between culture, landscape, environment and architecture that informed the basis of the approach to the buildings built today, were seminal works of their time, situated in an alternative environment that was far too left of the modernist mainstream to find favour. But we can also feel thankful that finally, the discourse of environmentally friendly architecture has emerged in the mainstream- let us hope that it is not too late. References: Abley, I Heartfield, J (2001) Sustaining architecture in the anti-machine age Chichester, Wiley-Academy Andrews, J (1982) Architecture : a Performing art Lutterworth Press Asensio, P(2003) Freidensreich Hundertwasser Barcelona, LOFT Publications Cosanti Foundation(2000) Arcosanti Workshops 2000 (pamphlet) Phoenix, Cosanti Cosanti Foundation(2000) Cosanti-Arcosanti (pamphlet) Phoenix, Cosanti Crowther, R(1992) Ecologic architecture Massachusetts, Butterworth-Heinemann Curl, J (1999)Oxford Dictionary of Architecture Oxford, Oxford University Press Fitch, J(1960) Primitive Architecture and climate from Scientific American, December p134-144 Harrop-Allin, C(1975)Norman Eaton, Architect- a study of the work of the South African Architect Norman Eaton 1902-1966 Johannesburg, C Struik Publishers Marschall S (2000) Opportunities for Relevance Kearney, BPretoria, University of South African Press Pearson, D(1990) The Natural House book London, Conran Octopus Powell, K(2003) New architecture in Britain London, Merrel Powell, K(2001) New London architecture London, Merrel Rapaport, A(1969) House form and culture Prentice Hall Rudofsky, B (1965) Architecture without architects: a short introduction to non-pedigreed architecture New York, Museum of Modern Art Shelter Publications(1973) Shelter United States, Shelter Publications Smith, P (2003) Sustainability at the cutting edge : emerging technologies for low energy buildings Oxford, Architectural Press Vale, B(1991) Green architecture design for a sustainable future London, Thames and Hudson Websites: http://www.greenwich-village.co.uk/index_main.htm (17.06.07) http://www.arcosanti.org/ (17.06.07) http://www.peabody.org.uk/pages/GetPage.aspx?id=179 http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/0 6/15/prefab-friday-modular-transitional-growth/#more-4683 (17.06.07) 1 Footnotes [1] Sustainability as an idea was a large component of ‘development speak’ in the context of poverty and limited resources. This embraced notions of community participation as well as optimizing resources. [2] The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture notes that ‘ecological architecture- Aims to respond to declining energy resources, eg using energy conservation, efficient insulation, rainwater, solar radiation, and wind power, and recycling as much as possible. The term was coined in the 1970’s’ (Curl;1999;220). Similarly, ‘green architecture- Buildings designed according to energy-saving criteria and the reduction of pollution.’ (Ibid;288). [3] From the third chapter of Vitruvius De Architectura comes the definition of beauty in architecture as firmitas, utilitas, venustas or Commodity, Firmness and Delight. The practicality of the building, as well as its robustness is as important as its beauty. [4] The necessity to incorporate en

Eulogy for Son :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Son Today, the most difficult day in my family’s life, we gather to say farewell to our son, brother, fiancà © and friend.   To those of you here and elsewhere who know Dylan you already are aware of the type of person he was and these words you will hear are already in your memory.   To those who were not as fortunate, these words will give you a sense of the type of man he was and as an ideal for which we should strive.  My son has been often described as a gentle soul.   He was pure of heart and had great sensitivity for the world around him.   He had a way with people that made them feel comfortable around him and infected others to gravitate toward him.   Dylan exuded kindness and pulled generosity and altruism out from everyone he touched.   He was everyone's best friend.   To say Dylan was polite is an understatement.   Since his early years, he showed respect and caring for all around him.   Even through the tormentous experiences of his hospital stays and chemotherapy treatment he never once failed to thank a nurse, aide, transport worker or anyone else as they gave him a meal, assisted him or performed another painful procedure.  He also was a man of compassion.   I can remember when he was six years old in Seattle.   He was running in a cross country race with his friend Tommy when the pack of runners disappeared behind bushes.   He was at that time running near the lead.   As we watched a few minutes later, all the runners reappeared and completed the race.   No Dylan nor Tommy in sight.   Finally, after a few desperate minutes Dylan and Tommy reappeared.   When asked what happened Dylan said that he and Tommy had stopped to help some frogs get out of the way of the runners.  His compassion extended to his adulthood.   He o ften spoke that while he wished to develop his career as a rowing coach and teacher of English and History he wanted to live a simple life where he could exert influence on those less fortunate that he.   Many times he said a perfect job would be where he could teach and coach crew in an inner city area and develop rowing programs with inner city kids that would rival the Eastern prep schools.  When he was told he was dying and had but a few days to live he told me he was not concerned about dying but was worried about his family and Patti.

Mydin Business Profile

Mydin Business Profile Mydin Mohamed Holdings Bhd is one of the largest and well-established Malaysian-owned Companies involved in wholesaling and retailing. The company was founded in 1940 and was based on Subang Jaya, Malaysia. The company incorporated in 1957. Mydin currently operates 100 outlets nationwide inclusive of 10 hypermarkets, 18 emporiums, 3 bazaars, 54 mini markets (MyMydin), nine convenience stores (MyMart) and six franchise outlets (Mydin Mart). The company started the first operation in Kelantan and the company also known as the affordable and competitive prices offered among the budget-conscious consumers.Mydin Target Market and Product lines The company supplying several range of goods to the lower and middle income groups and also to the other wholesalers, retailers, small businesses, offices and schools. The main competitors of Mydin are Carefour, Qiant and Tesco. Mydin target more on Muslim market and their target market is as halal-wide as their range of produ cts. It offers food and beverage, apparel, accessories, household goods, fittings and furnishings, electronics, children’s toys and even exercises equipment, stationeries, daily and dairy products, toiletries and Muslim goods.There are a variety of accessories to put on for the scarves for the Malay girls and ladies to choose. Besides that, Mydin is the best place to buy Muslim clothes, prayers rugs and other attire to Islamic worship at affordable prices in Kuala Lumpur. Pricing Mydin is a market-oriented approach that reacts to what customers want. Mydin’s outlets are very popular with the residents in Malaysia due to the competitive pricing. Mydin is able to offer lower pricing that has value for money than the competitors because it bypasses distributors and sources for goods from the manufactures.The customers can also buy a lot of things with a little of money. Besides that, through their impressive appearances, Mydin has been able slowly change the perception th at their economical priced goods to low quality products. Mydin purchases in bulk to enjoy the lower prices. Mydin also use the customary pricing such everyday low price and the need for quality for the customer. Mydin relentlessly pursues bargains from suppliers to execute its everyday low price philosophy. Mydin target the lower and middle income groups. Mydin use the flexible pricing according to he festivals such as there is a Deepavali promotion in Mydin Bukit Jambul, Penang which is 1 panel RM39. 90 and 2 panels are RM49. 90 for the curtains. Besides that, the accessories with different designs are in RM29. 90 and the maggi mee is only RM3. 69 buy 5 free 1. Promotion There are four types of promotion mix in Mydin which are advertising, sales promotion, public relation and direct marketing. Advertising Mydin advertised in brochures in USJ Subang Jaya Mydin during 7th-20th March 2012. It was to let the customer enjoy the freshness of quality products.Besides that, Mydin also adv ertised their promotion offer products in the website. Mydin sets up corresponding billboards and by buying similar advertisement placement in the newspaper. Mydin provide quality products to customers and Mydin creates excitement on special period of low costs offer such as there are a lot of promotions in festive seasons. Mydin also promote it is the best place to shop round especially the Muslims. Mydin partly sponsored by the manufacturer and retailer such as Dutch Lady, Sunquick, Jacob, Tops, Premier. There is a slogan named ‘why pay more? Buy at wholesale prices’! n everywhere of the hypermarket. It is to attract the customers to buy their products at the low prices. Sales Promotion There are several kinds of sales promotion in Mydin such as Deepavali, Salam Aidiladha and Brand Fair, Holiday and Holiday and Travel Fair and Wedding Fair. Besides that, people get an automatic entry to win a Mount Bike and Cash Vouchers when a min of RM50 at Mydin with the customerâ €™s Mybankard Debit Card. It is a contest in April. The upcoming kids colouring contest is on 10th November 2012 starts at 4pm at the Mydin Wholesale Hypermarket Taman Saga, Alor Setar (Malaysia).There was a health, beauty and wellness campaign held on 26th April until 8th May 2012. It is let the customers to try out and maximize their talents and grab a chance to win great prizes. Public relations There was a CSR shopping programme at Mydin supermarket, Bukit Jambul on 2nd August 2012 involving the children from Permata Kasih Orphanage. Besides that, R. Apparavoo lead the management of Mydin hypermarket in Ayer Keroh prepared and distributed the free bubuk lambuk to the shoppers on Saturday 18th August 2012. The porridge which was packed in a container.Apparavoo’s staff had cooked the porridge in several big pots before distributing to the customers. These charity events are to demonstrate innovativeness and maintain and improve the company image. Direct marketing Mydin hypermarket has a twitter account to post latest updates and let the customers to get to know what’s new in Mydin hypermarket. Place Mydin’s headquarter is in Jalan Masjid India, Kuala Lumpur . The locations of Mydin can be search in the website by category and by state. It may show the nearest locations. The customers may get to buy the groceries at the nearest outlets.Mydin in Penang such as Mydin Wholesale Hypermarket Bukit Jambul in Penang is near to the residential areas. It also has a bus stop outside the Bukit Jambul complex. It is so convenient for the customers to buy their stuff. The local manufacturer will send the products by trucks to the Mydin hypermarkets. Mydin will provide delivery services to the small retailers where the retail shops are located nearby the Mydin branches by the Mydin vans. Positioning Mydin’s position as the leading local hypermarket operator which sealed its position to operate the KR1M programme.The government gave a simple condition which was for the prices to be competitive so that it benefits the low-income earners in the KR1M project. They drafted a list of essential items such as rice, flour, milk, diapers and washing detergent which need to be affordable. The company leads wholesale and retail company to provide the best value, the wide assortment of goods and continuous excellence in the business formula and improve the work efficiency and set a competitive price to increase price purchasing power of Malaysian consumers. PeopleThe staff must have undergone the training before they starts working. There are a few levels that are specific staff staffs assigned for different tasks which are the management, stock, store, sales assistant, management and the cashier in every Mydin branch. Most of the staff will be trained as sales assistants and cashiers because they are required for doing the daily operation in the branch. The foreign workers will work as janitors in the Mydin hypermarket. Physical E vidence There are a lot of building and outlets of Mydin in Malaysia such as Mydin Mall in Taman Saga, Alor Setar was newly opened in March.Mydin leads the way for dynamic digital signage in the hypermarket retail industry in Malaysia by employing its own in store multimedia TV network; Mydin USJ, Selangor has recently launched Mydin TV. The shoppers, tenants and suppliers can know the up to date promotions and campaigns or activities throughout the stores by the Mydin TV channel. Layout of Mydin is grid pattern layout. The aisle must be long enough for the customers to look long enough at the merchandise as they pass the shelves display.The products put accordingly at the shelves display such as the food and beverages are put in the same area, the stationery and books are put in the same area. the color of the Mydin are blue and yellow. There are free wifi in Mydin Bukit Jambul, Penang. Process The computerization the warehouse system of Mydin has been increased the accuracy in ter ms of automation. It is much more effective than relying on a manual labour. Other than that, Mydin select Intermec because of the the rugged design and robustness of the CK61 which can withstand repeated drops from high ground.Besides that, Intermec’s security feature, iLaunch is to present to lock the operating system automatically. The staff cannot use or exploit the computer for personal use. The policies of the consumers who shop in Mydin hypermarket should get a written copy of guarantees and warranties and compare their features. Besides that, the consumers have to read and understand any contract you are asked to sign. The consumers have to make sure there are no blank spaces and the salesperson’s verbal promises are in the contract.

Life of a gentleman Essays

Life of a gentleman Essays Life of a gentleman Essay Life of a gentleman Essay Give an account of Pips upbringing and character. Why does he seek the life of a gentleman? Pips harsh upbringing by his guardians has led to unusual character, and because of his character, he feels ashamed of his social standing after having seen how the upper class people live. This starts his quest to become a gentleman. Pip had quite a depressing upbringing, typical of the time that the book was set in. Pip was ill treated as a child, mainly by his guardian Mrs. Joe Gargery. In Chapter Two, Pip mentions that Mrs. Joe boasts to her friends that she raised Pip by hand. Pip thinks that she means literally using her hand on him, as this is what she has done in the past. Mainly because of this, Pip feels relatively unloved. In Chapter One, Pip mentions that he has no friends, his parents and all of his family are dead other than Mrs. Joe, who looks after him. In Chapter Nine, Estella, whom Pip is beginning to love, does not return his love, which intensifies his feelings of being unloved. Pip was deprived as a child; his family were not particularly wealthy, Joe (his sisters husband) was the village blacksmith, and his sister raised Pip and looked after the house. There was never much money in the household, which meant that all the facilities Pip needed he could not have. His education was particularly poor, maybe not for his time, but in Chapter Seven it is described as Mr. Wopsles great-aunt kept an evening school in the village; that is to say, she was a ridiculous old woman of limited means and unlimited infirmity, who used to go to sleep from six to seven every evening, in the society of youth who paid two pence per week. Maybe due to his familys poverty, Pip is a hard worker. He became Joes apprentice when he was quite young and worked there until he left to become a gentleman. He has been brought up to be a hard worker; before he became Joes apprentice he assisted Mrs. Joe at a very young age. Pips character is a direct result of his upbringing. As a result of his lack of friends, Pip has a remarkable imagination. In Chapter One, he imagined what his dead parents looked like from the shape of their tombstones, e. g. I drew the childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. In Chapter Two also imagines that the cows speaking and are accusing him of being a thief, Halloa, young thief! Despite his poor education by Mr Wopsles great-aunt, Pip is very clever, for example, when Pip tells the story about his meeting with Miss Havisham to Mrs. Joe and Uncle Pumblechook, he makes up a plausible story about Miss Havisham and the house, on the principle that Uncle Pumblechook will agree with most things he says as he has been pretending to know Miss Havisham, We all waved swords, and I saw pistols in a cupboard, and jam and pills. And there was no daylight in the room, but it was all lighted up with candles. The fact that Pip actually wrote Great Expectations (it is a description of his childhood written by Pip as an adult) shows that he must be very intelligent. During the first section of the book Pip is thoughtful and serious, he is never self-absorbed until he becomes a gentleman, and even then he overcomes this. Pip is a sensitive young man, e. g. , My sisters upbringing had made me sensitive (Chapter Eight). Pip is physically strong; in Chapter Eleven he fights the pale young gentlemen and wins, badly bruising his opponent. The pale young gentlemen may not have been very strong, but a boy Pips age would have to be strong to have hurt an elder boy. Pip is affectionate, especially to Estella with whom he is madly in love with. Also, in Chapter Seventeen, he tells Biddy I wish I could fall in love with you. He wishes that he had affection with Biddy rather than Estella. Pip is ambitious; his main ambition is to become a gentleman, which is relevant in most of the book. In Chapter Eight this ambition started when Estella called him coarse and common and a common labouring boy. In chapter seventeen he first tells Biddy about his ambition. I want to become a gentleman. If it wasnt for Pips benefactor, his ambition would have never been realised and he might have never left the forge. Pips character is lonely; he has no friends other than Joe (Chapter One) and he has to rely on his imagination for company. His parents and all of his family other than his sister are dead (Chapter One). Pip is timid; on page three he is scared out of his wits by the convict and in other cases also. This, Pip says is down to his sisters harsh bringing up of him. With most people, Pip is generally quiet and shy, but with Estella he is even more so, this is because he is embarrassed and incapable to retaliate to her insults, possibly because he has never retaliated to his sisters insults, for example You little coarse monster, what do you think of me now? (Estella) I shall not tell you (Pips reply), (Chapter Eleven). Pip is resentful of some people, Estella in particular, he resents her insults of him (e. g. Chapter Eight common labouring boy) but he cannot retaliate. He does not particularly resent his sister for his harsh bringing up. After Pip steals for the convict, he has a low self-esteem, feels in the wrong and guilty. In Chapter Five he actually thinks that some soldiers have come for him when they appear at the forge door, when they actually are looking for the blacksmiths assistance, e. g. I ran head foremost into a party of soldiers with their muskets: one of whom held out a pair of handcuffs to me. Another reason why Pip has a low self-esteem is that he learnt from Joe that Mrs. Joe would probably have not have raised him if it was not for Joes persuasion. This makes him feel like a burden to Mrs. Joe, and this is why he feels guilty. After Mrs. Joe is attacked, Pip feels guilty about providing the weapon. Pip is troubled in various stages of the book, often anxious and miserable as well. After Pip steals the food for the convict he is full of guilt that makes him miserable and troubled, e. g. this is shown when he imagines the cattle and the mist speaking to him, A boy with somebody-elses pork pie! Stop him! (Chapter Two). Pip is miserable after he met Estella and realised that he was common and coarse, and he then fells ashamed of his home and possessions, e.  g. Chapter Fourteen a most miserable thing to feel ashamed of home. In Chapter Eight he first meets Estella and falls in love with her, e. g. I think she is very pretty. Estella has been brought up by Miss Havisham to wreak vengeance on the male sex after what happened to her, so Estella does not return his love; instead she insults him by calling him a common labouring-boy! and stupid clumsy labouring boy! also she says what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots! She also comments upon his poor speech, i. e. calling knaves Jacks when they played cards. He realises that for her to love him, he must be an upper class gentleman, as she is an upper class woman. Her contempt for me was so strong that it became infectious that I caught it. This is how Pip describes his Estellas contempt for he in Chapter Eight. Pip has now realised that he is coarse and common, and now feels ashamed of his home and his possessions. This is shown especially in Chapter Fourteen, when he tells us his true feelings about his embarrassment of his home, e. g. It is a most miserable thing to feel ashamed of home, and he also calls his house homely. He accepts himself as low on the social standings and wants to improve his status. Pip is impressed, even envious of Estella, due to her beauty, excellent speech, confidence, wealth and intelligence, and wants to become a gentleman as a result. In Chapter Seventeen Biddy questions whether he actually wants to become a gentleman to spite Estella, or because Pip feels common, dissatisfied and uncomfortable. Pip merely answers I dont know. Subconsciously, Pip may want to become a gentleman to spite Estella. Pip may be confusing his feelings of love and his social ambitions. Pip may not only want to become a gentleman due to Estella, but perhaps also due to Pumblechooks influence; he now admires him as a middle-class gentleman; although he does not envy him as he considers him an obnoxious fool. It is therefore clear to see that Pips harsh upbringing by hand by Mrs Joe has led to his lonely, ambitious and timid character. Pip seeks the life of a gentleman as he is ashamed of himself (mainly due to Estellas remark of coarse and common), his belongings, and he feels to solve this, he must become a social gentleman. He may also have an ulterior motive, to elevate himself to a social standing where Estella will actually talk to him and not look down on him. Because of Pip being embarrassed over his commonness and his possessions, he is dissatisfied with his place in society, e. g. I am not happy as I am. I am disgusted with my calling in life. (Chapter Seventeen). He knows that as long as he is Joes apprentice, he will never fulfil his dream of becoming a gentleman.