Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous for ESL

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous for ESL The two most advanced tenses in the past are the past perfect and past perfect continuous. There are slight differences between these two tenses, but both are used to speak about actions that occur before another point in time in the past. Intermediate level English learners  can study the basic structures below, and then use the activities provided below. Teachers can print out and use materials in-class to help students acquire these two complicated tenses. There are also a number of lessons referenced below that focus on comprehension materials for both of these tenses. Finally, teachers can get ideas and tips from these guides to teaching the past perfect and past perfect continuous. Past Perfect There are two past tenses used to describe things that happen before another point in time in the past. Use the past perfect to talk about an event which had happened at some point in time before something took place. Tom had interviewed five times before he got his first job.She had already eaten by the time they arrived. Past Perfect Continuous The past perfect continuous is used to express how long something had been going on before something important happened in the past. Jane had been studying for four hours when he came home.Jack had been driving four over six hours when he finally pulled over to have lunch. Past Perfect Structure Positive Subject had past participle I, You, He, She, We, They had finished before I arrived. Negative Subject had not (hadnt) past participle I, You, He, She, We, They hadnt eaten before he finished the job. Questions Question word had subject past participle What - had he, she, you, we, they thought before I asked the question? Past Perfect Continuous Structure Positive Subject had been verb ing I, You, He, She, We, They had been working for two hours when she telephoned. Negative Subject had not (hadnt) been verb ing I, You, He, She, We, They hadnt been paying attention for long when he asked the question. Questions Question word (often How long) had been subject verb ing How long - had he, she, you, we, they been working before he arrived? Study the Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous in Depth Here are detailed guides to the past perfect and the past perfect continuous tenses. Each guide provides situations, common time expressions used with the tense, as well as examples. This guide is for choosing between using simple perfect forms or continuous perfect forms (present perfect, past perfect, future perfect vs present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future perfect continuous) is perfect for advanced level students looking to understand the fine points of these tenses. The past unreal (3rd) conditional also uses the past perfect form. Test Your Knowledge of Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Once youve studied the rules - or if you already know the rules - test your knowledge with a past forms review or conditional forms quiz. Teach a Lesson about the Past Simple and Past Continuous Here are lessons on the site which have elements of the lesson which focus on the past perfect simple or past perfect continuous and their use with other tenses. Tense Identification Review - Integration Lesson for Upper-Level Students​A Difficult Situation - Using Modal Verbs of Probability in the PastMultinationals - Help or Hindrance? - use of past perfect/continuous to in debate lessons to provide contextGuilty! - communication lesson using a variety of past tensesSentence Auctions - students try to decide whether a sentence is a genuine masterpiece worth buying, includes examples of past perfect. Activities with the Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous Some activities that will help you practice: Waiting for a Friend - Advanced past and future forms (future continuous, 3rd conditional, etc.)English Tenses Timeline Chart - study how the past perfect and past perfect continuous relate to other tenses on a timeline.

Employability Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employability Skills - Assignment Example The major target market for Next is the 18-35 year old consumers and the firm’s major successes are due to offering lower- and mid-priced merchandise that make its fashion offerings desirable to the lower-resource consumer. Many of the firm’s sales come from its online website, referred to as NextDirect, which contributes to over 40 percent of the company’s total revenues (Next 2012). Why the business is so successful is that the company has established a low cost pricing strategy and the capability of procuring trendy and chic fashion merchandise that is relevant to the contemporary, younger consumer with a need for fast, mod fashion at an affordable price. Next competes with major retail companies such as Zara, Matalan, Debenhams and even New Look (to suggest only a few competitors). Internally, Next operates under a functional organisational structure where each division associated with the value chain is grouped and maintains reporting structures according to the purpose of the division. The company has a marketing department, a procurement division, a sales department, and customer service division (to name only a few) with each being responsible for their own activities. This is one of the disadvantages of Next’s internal structure as it does not provide many opportunities for cross-collaboration and inter-group consultations. Having had a lower-level management position in the women’s clothing department at Next, I gained valuable insight into what responsibilities and performance targets required development for future employment. At Next, there was little emphasis on teamwork throughout the entire business model and, therefore, I was not given many opportunities for networking, collaboration, or working within a group environment to solve organisational problems. Stover (2004) asserts that in order for a business to generate more valuable solutions to problems and innovate, it is critical to interact with

The Power of Debates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Power of Debates - Essay Example By the shorthand writing newly invented, reporters would give the country "full phonographic verbatim reports," newspapers told their readers," ("The Great Debates" p.1). Providing background information on both candidates, "Douglas, a Democrat, was the incumbent Senator, having been elected in 1847. He had chaired the Senate Committee on Territories. He helped enact the Compromise of 1850. Douglas then was a proponent of Popular Sovereignty, and was responsible for the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. The legislation led to the violence in Kansas, hence the name 'Bleeding Kansas'," Adding that, "Lincoln was a relative unknown at the beginning of the debates. In contrast to Douglas' Popular Sovereignty stance, Lincoln stated that the US could not survive as half-slave and half-free states. The Lincoln-Douglas debates drew the attention of the entire nation," ("Lincoln-Douglas" p.1). Historians have regarded Lincoln for years as being a strong politician. As any politician knows, debates can either make, or break their chances of political success. Of the debates, "The main theme of the debates was slavery, especially the issue of slavery expansion into the territories. It was Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska Act that repealed the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and replaced it with the doctrine of popular sovereignty, which meant that the people of a territory could decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. Lincoln said that popular sovereignty would nationalize and perpetuate slavery.[6][7] Douglas argued that both Whigs and Democrats believed in popular sovereignty, and that the Compromise of 1850 was an example of this. Lincoln said that the national policy was to limit the spread of slavery starting with the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which banned slavery from a large part of the modern-day Midwest. Lincoln poin ted out that the Compromise of 1850 was just that, a compromise. It allowed the territories of Utah and New Mexico to decide for or against slavery, but it also allowed the admission of California as a free state, reduced the size of the slave state of Texas by adjusting the boundary, and ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in the District of Columbia. In return, the South got a stronger fugitive slave law than the version mentioned in the Constitution. Whereas Douglas said that the Compromise of 1850 replaced the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north and west of the state of Missouri, Lincoln said that this was not true, and that the compromises that allowed the territories of Utah and New Mexico to decide on slavery applied only to the specific issues decided as part of the Compromise of 1850," (Wikipedia p.1). Ultimately, the debates were primarily composed of layered speech, but the candidates were said to have taken an approach to their speeches that would continue their earlier thoughts with very little if any variation in thought. "Though the speeches on both sides were long and elaborate, they were largely taken up with repetition, or with half serious, half playful banter. While Lincoln dwelt at length on the moral wrong of slavery, his constructive proposals can be briefly summarized. Advocating no Federal interference with the institution in the states, he insisted that it be excluded from the territories (this being his most important proposal); in a qualified manner he favored

Jack Londons The Call of the Wild :: Call of the Wild Essays

Call of the Wild Where did man come from?  Ã‚   Scientists thought they had answered this simple yet complex question through Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.  Ã‚   According to him, living organisms evolved due to constant changing.  Ã‚   Organisms which gained an edge would reign, while those without would die.  Ã‚   Jack London's books during the late 1800's animated this theory through the use of wild animals in a struggle for survival.  Ã‚   In fact, many prove that to survive a species "must" have an edge.  Ã‚   In London's book the Call of the Wild, the harsh depiction of the Klondike wilderness proves that to survive life must adapt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London uses Buck as his first character to justify his theory as he conforms well to the hostile North.  Ã‚   While at Judge Miller's, pampered Buck never worries about his next meal or shelter; yet while in the frozen Klondike he has death at his heels.  Ã‚   Until his body adapts to the strenuous toil of the reins, Buck needs more food than the other dogs.   He must steal food from his masters in order to conform.  Ã‚   If Buck continues his stealthy work he will survive.  Ã‚   A second example occurs when Thorton owns Buck, and Spitz, the lead dog, constantly watches the team in a dominant manner.  Ã‚   Buck, if insubordinate, runs the risk of death.  Ã‚   He lays low, learning Spitz's every tactic.  Ã‚   Buck adapts to circumstances until finally he strikes against Spitz in a fight for the dominant position.  Ã‚   By killing Spitz, he gains a supreme air, and in turn an adaptation against the law of the fang.  Ã‚   A third example surfaces during Buck's leadership.  Ã‚   The fledgling dog, to Francios and Perrault, cannot work up to par for the lead.  Ã‚   So Buck conducts himself as a master sled dog, reaching Francios and Perrault's goals, conforming to the team.   The group plows through snow reaching at least forty miles a day.  Ã‚   The dogs spend at most two weeks in the wild Klondike.  Ã‚   In a way Buck heightens the safety of each person and dog.  Ã‚   He adapts to the environment and new position.  Ã‚   Within the Call of the Wild, Buck must have a part to justify London's theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel London uses Mercedes, Hal, and Charles, a group of very inexperienced and even less equipped city goers, to depict the probable doom of those who do not adapt.  Ã‚   While in Skagway the three have no idea what the Klondike holds.   The well dressed well fed team wants nothing but riches and fame.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In their effort for

Collective bargaining

Eighty five percent of renegotiation strikes are attributed to economics. Question 6 5 out Of 5 points Where represented employees cross picket lines, the union's bargaining power is decreased because their crossing increases the employer's ability to operate. True Question 7 In a slowdown, employees can seldom be disciplined because they are complying with the contract Question 8 In a single-employer negotiation, there is a dire need to defend against a whipsaw. False Question 9 Private sector fact finders are not very successful on distributive bargaining Issues. Question 10IS called after a contract expires and usually after there is an impasse to pressure the employer to settle on the union's terms. An economic strike Question 11 A slowdown most often involves working to rules. Question 12 strikes most frequently involve plant administration issues and generally last three days or less. Wildcat Question 13 Under the Taft-Hartley Act, if the parties are at an impasse and the contr act has expired, in most circumstances the union is free to strike and the employer is free to lock out employees. Question 14 Sometimes the objects of a strike move from place to place, such as a ship Ewing struck by a seafarers union.Which type of picketing is likely in such situations? Ambulatory site Question 15 An initiative explores a company's business activity to uncover possible regulatory violations, tries to identify closely linked corporations, and analyzes its financial statements. The second phase involves publicizing items detrimental to the employer's interests that support the union's demands. What is this initiative an example of? Corporate campaign Question 16 Which of the following firms might find it feasible to continue to operate using supervisors and other nonproductive workers?A firm with continuous flow operations Question 17 Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service mediators almost always have prior experience in negotiating contracts from the management perspective. Question 18 According to a study, mediation strategies most often cited by unions as hastening settlement included devising an improved negotiating framework. Question 19 Why are mediators unlikely to influence the direction of the outcome? Because their concern is not what either party achieves. Question 20 Which of the following observations concerning boycotts is true? Boycotts are seldom used. TEST 05 Results DisplayedSubmitted Answers, Incorrectly Answered Questions Where strikes are banned, grievance rates are higher, particularly on economic issues. Public sector labor relations are similar across the 50 states. Duty-to-bargain laws substantially increase unionization beyond other public policy measures favorable to public sector unions. A study of firefighters' negotiations found that several factors predicted positive union outcomes. Which of these factors reflects multilateral bargaining? Elected official intervention at impasse What is the relationship betwe en the costs of arbitration and the likelihood of parties negotiating their own settlement? Collective Bargaining Granville contract is due to expire soon. Therefore, we will be negotiating a new contract for the plant employees. We plan to get a commitment from the management for a strong contract comparable to the hard work done by our brothers and sisters In Granville. Our task at hand may be difficult due to the Introductory of a new plant, and technology, but, we shall persevere. The economy Is year. We would like to get our goals accomplished by working together with management through compromise and aligning our contract along with the business strategy.But, if there is a failure to reach a compromise, we will use the leverages of work slow-down, strike, and boycott. We plan to strive for better wages, dual control of technological and location change, pension increase, and the approval of the SUB plan. We have worked diligently for competitive contracts In the past and a better life for all employees nation wide. Lobbying with Congress through our affiliate unions, we have made considera ble strides for all employees throughout the nation. This Includes the Family Leave Act, which granted the rights of employees to take time off to spend with a new child or sick family member.We have also worked toward the initiation of the unfair Labor Act, which granted employees the ability to bring litigation against unlawful discharge of employment. Wages Our first major issue is wages. The employees of Granville have stressed the need to have a considerable wage increase, due to the ever increasing cost of living and need for alignment with industry standards. We will strive for a competitive wage and cost of living Increase that will give the employees as larger pay scale to be accessed. As of now, 75% of our workforce is at the top of the pay scale with marginal cost of living Increases annually.We would like a major change In this area. Technology Our second major Issue Is Installation of new technology. The employees have concerns about being displaced due to new equipment being used at the Newton plant. There is not yet an official decision to move equipment or employees to that plant as of yet, but it could cause a decline in the number employed at Granville. We plan to ask the company for more specific information on their plans for the technological investments. If the equipment shall be used at Granville, we do not want any displacement, and will strive for cross-training of all skilled and semi-skilled employees.Layoffs Third, there is concern for layoffs if the technological investment affects the number employed at Granville. We will make every effort to gain approval of the SUB plan. This will allow employees knowledge of the plant downsizing or closure. It will also provide them with adequate compensation for being discharged. Employees are willing to take a $. 25 tradeoff If It Is approved. Retirement Benefits Forth, the older workers are especially concerned with this area. A 75% of pay at the will strive for these benefits due to the dec line of the Social Security system in our economy.Our employees need this demand granted for the protection of their senior years. Employees are willing to acquiesce too $. 35 trade-off for increased retirement benefits. Working Conditions Lastly, the health plan, vacation, and holidays will be reviewed as possible trade-offs with management. These items will add to the living conditions of the Granville employees. The highest possible gains possible in negotiation will be sought. And in conclusion, we feel that dual participation with management is very important. A successful agreement can be reached through mutuality and compromise among OTOH parties. Collective bargaining Eighty five percent of renegotiation strikes are attributed to economics. Question 6 5 out Of 5 points Where represented employees cross picket lines, the union's bargaining power is decreased because their crossing increases the employer's ability to operate. True Question 7 In a slowdown, employees can seldom be disciplined because they are complying with the contract Question 8 In a single-employer negotiation, there is a dire need to defend against a whipsaw. False Question 9 Private sector fact finders are not very successful on distributive bargaining Issues. Question 10IS called after a contract expires and usually after there is an impasse to pressure the employer to settle on the union's terms. An economic strike Question 11 A slowdown most often involves working to rules. Question 12 strikes most frequently involve plant administration issues and generally last three days or less. Wildcat Question 13 Under the Taft-Hartley Act, if the parties are at an impasse and the contr act has expired, in most circumstances the union is free to strike and the employer is free to lock out employees. Question 14 Sometimes the objects of a strike move from place to place, such as a ship Ewing struck by a seafarers union.Which type of picketing is likely in such situations? Ambulatory site Question 15 An initiative explores a company's business activity to uncover possible regulatory violations, tries to identify closely linked corporations, and analyzes its financial statements. The second phase involves publicizing items detrimental to the employer's interests that support the union's demands. What is this initiative an example of? Corporate campaign Question 16 Which of the following firms might find it feasible to continue to operate using supervisors and other nonproductive workers?A firm with continuous flow operations Question 17 Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service mediators almost always have prior experience in negotiating contracts from the management perspective. Question 18 According to a study, mediation strategies most often cited by unions as hastening settlement included devising an improved negotiating framework. Question 19 Why are mediators unlikely to influence the direction of the outcome? Because their concern is not what either party achieves. Question 20 Which of the following observations concerning boycotts is true? Boycotts are seldom used. TEST 05 Results DisplayedSubmitted Answers, Incorrectly Answered Questions Where strikes are banned, grievance rates are higher, particularly on economic issues. Public sector labor relations are similar across the 50 states. Duty-to-bargain laws substantially increase unionization beyond other public policy measures favorable to public sector unions. A study of firefighters' negotiations found that several factors predicted positive union outcomes. Which of these factors reflects multilateral bargaining? Elected official intervention at impasse What is the relationship betwe en the costs of arbitration and the likelihood of parties negotiating their own settlement?

Analysis Of The Book Brave New World By Anton Chekhov

Pursuit of Happiness Liberty gives you the freedom to find your own happiness. Personal liberty is an individual to do whoever she/he pleases. In a short story called â€Å"The Man in a Case† by Anton Chekhov, a character named Byelikov is consistent of the way he lives. Byelikov was man that strictly played by the rules. For someone that is freely but seemed unhappy, he was scared to take risk because he wanted to be ready unexpected. A book named Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, is about the people of the World State having to accept what was given and told to them. They were not individually happy because everyone is counted as a whole and must share the same satisfaction to be stable. Everyone deserves to have their own happiness no matter what. Is a certain amount of personal liberty necessary for happiness? All of personal liberty is necessary for happiness because it brings happiness, satisfaction, and individualism that leads to opportunities. First, everyone deserve s to freely pursue their own happiness in the way they want. We are all entitled to figure out what we want in life that makes us happy. A character from a short story called â€Å"The Man in a Case† by Anton Chekhov, a man name Byelikov was a man that simply lived his life with precautions. He always wore the same thing to protect himself from the unexpected, â€Å"He was remarkable for always wearing galoshes and a warm wadded coat, and carrying an umbrella even in the finest weather.† Byelikov lived a cautiousShow MoreRelatedA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen7379 Words   |  30 PagesMa. Jennifer S. Yap Dr. Sherwin Perlas World Literature January 14, 2012 A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen Translated by Rolf Fjelde I. Introduction During the late nineteenth century, women were enslaved in their gender roles and certain restrictions were enforced on them by a male dominant culture. Every woman was raised believing that they had neither self-control nor self-government but that they must yield to the control of a stronger gender. John Stuart Mill wrote in his essay, â€Å"The Subjection

Art Nouveau in Riga Architecture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2357 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Art Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Research work Art Nouveau in Riga Architecture Riga 2009 Contents 1. Art Nouveau†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. Art Nouveau in Riga.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 3. Art Nouveau in other areas.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 4. Elizabetes street 10b.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 5. Assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 6. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 1. Art Nouveau Art Nouveau is an international movement and style of art, architecture and applied art—especially the decorative arts—that peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century (1890–1905). The name Art nouveau is French for new art, it is also known as Art nouveau, German for youth style, named after the magazine Jugend, which promoted it. A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it is characterized by organic, especially floral and other plant-inspired motifs, as well as highly-stylized, flowing curvilinear forms. Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life. Art Nouveaus fifteen-year peak was strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Spain—but its influence was global. Hence, it is known in various guises with frequent localized tendencies. In France, Hector Guimards metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Galle was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy. Victor Horta had a decisive impact on architecture in Belgium. Magazines like Jugend helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic art form, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alfons Mucha, Rene Lalique, Antoni Gaudi and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner. Although Art Nouveau fell out of favor with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between the historicism of Neoclassicism and modernism. Furthermore, Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on the ir World Heritage List as significant contributions to cultural heritage. The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe, was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Art nouveau architecture, and four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as works of human creative genius that are outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society. It later influenced psychedelic art that flourished in the 1960s and 1970s. 2. Art Nouveau in Riga Riga, the capital of Latvia, is an Art Nouveau city. The city centre contains the finest concentration of Art Nouveau buildings in the world: more than one third of all buildings there is of Art Nouveau style. It is an urban ensemble, inscribed on the World Heritage List. The early 20th century was the golden age for the dev elopment of the city. It became one of the major centres of industry, trade and culture on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The population approximately doubled over the course of 15 years, surpassing 500,000 on the eve of World War I. The first Art Nouveau buildings in Riga appeared as early as 1899. Already after 1904 Eclecticism disappeared from Rigas construction activity, being completely replaced by Art Nouveau. This new style there was inspired by German, Austrian and Finnish architecture, but rooted mainly in local cultural traditions. Primarily local architects were employed, most of them having been graduated from the Architectural Department (established 1869) of the Riga Polytechnic Institute. In wide diversity of formal trends of Art Nouveau of Riga rather restrained, structural sense of architectural idiom prevail, although xtraordinary lavishly decorated buildings are presented as well. The most characteristic are so called Perpendicular Art Nouveau and Nationa l Romanticism. The latter reflected the search for the Latvian national identity in architecture. Art Nouveau in Riga was highly professional and versatile phenomena, where all visual arts were melded into one. 3. Art Nouveau in Other areas In Russia, the movement revolved around the art magazine Mir iskusstva (World of Art), which spawned the revolutionary Ballets Russes. The Polish Art Nouveau movement centered in Krakov and was part of the Mloda Polska movement. Stanislaw Wyspianski was the leading Art Nouveau artist in Poland, his paintings, theatrical designs, stained glass, and building interiors are widely admired and celebrated in the National Museum in Krakow. Art Nouveau buildings survive in most Polish cities, with the exception of Warsaw, where Communist authorities destroyed the few Art Nouveau buildings that survived the Nazi razing of Warsaw on the grounds that the buildings were decadent. The Slovene Lands was another area influenced by Art Nouveau. At its beginni ng, Slovenian Art Nouveau was strongly influenced by the Viennese Secession, but it later developed an individual style. Important Slovenian Art Nouveau architects include Max Fabiani, Joze Plecnik and Ivan Vurnik. Italys Stile Liberty reflected the modern design emanating from the Liberty Co store, a sign both of the Art Nouveaus commercial aspect and the imported character that it always retained in Italy. The spread of Art Nouveau in Portugal suffered a delay due to slowly developing industry, although the movement flourished. Especially in cities like Oporto and Aveiro, in which can be found numerous buildings influenced by European models mainly by French architecture. Art Nouveau was also popular in the Nordic countries, where it became integrated with the National Romantic Style. Good examples are the neighborhoods of Katajanokka and Ullanlinna, located in Helsinki, Finland, as well as the Helsinki Central railway station, designed by the architect Eliel Saarinen. As i n Germany, Jugendstil is the prevailing term used for the style. Although no significant artists in Australia are linked to the Art Nouveau movement, many buildings throughout Australia were designed in the Art Nouveau style. In Melbourne, the Victorian Arts Society, Milton House, Melbourne Sports Depot, Melbourne City Baths, Conservatorium of Music and Melba Hall, Paston Building, and Empire Works Building all reflect the Art Nouveau style. 4. Elizabetes street 10b Architect Mikhail Eisenstein Civil engineer, revered Latvian architect, whose 18  apartment buildings  have been built in Riga at the turn of 19th and 20th centuries. A personality of extraordinary temper and artistic inspiratione, Eisenstein felt building material absolutely precisely combining its colours and structures in a neat way. Fecundity of his imagination found expression in creation of numerous buildings. Facades of these buildings represent exuberant set of decorations in which ornamentals of Art No uveau interlace with forms of different historical styles. His works in general show us unusual riot of elements: stylized flowers, garlands, half-naked women-sirens, screaming masks, wild animals, such as lions, figures of sphinxes and monsters. Amid all of this he adds to the geometrical composition of his buildings balconies of varied forms, oriels, bizarre window embrasures. Eisensteins creations are like the embodiment of scream about the crisis of arts of that period of time. Masks, seen on his buildings appear to us screaming in horror and yearning for new. Eisenstein paid limited attention to the layout of rooms and to the functionality of inner space, emphasizing only the exterior of buildings. At one time his works came under criticism Rigans said that his use of decorations is the enormity. But in the long run people realised the beauty of this always-flowering garden made in stone. Mikhail Eisensteins son is the famous Russian film director Sergey Eisenstein. Buil ding Among the most dramatic of Eisenstein`s structures, also commissioned by A. Lebedinsky in 1903, Is an apartment building located at 10b Elizabetes Street. According to Janis Krastins, it was based on pattern and elevation drawings worked out by Leipzig architects G. Wunschmann and H. Kozel. In its striking color contrast, unusual sculptural arrangements, and experiments with scale and proportion the edifice totally dominantes the city block. It is a symmetrical four-story building with strongly projecting bay Windows spanning the second and third stories. The balances of vertical elements, such as the piers flanking the bay Windows that continue through the four stories, are contrasted with the very prominent, deeply grooved stringcourse and cornice. Curved arches of the central entrance and the reversed arches in blue tile afford a graceful play and a delightful contrast to the rectangular elements. Sky- blue tile also accentuates the third and fourth levels and contrasts w ith the buff colored stone of the building. The theme expressed on this facade and also often found in Symbolist art, deals with conflicting forces in the world: the rational and the chaotic. The building is dominated by two gigantic female profiles flanking the lunette, which tops the central bay. The intertwining serpents atop their diadem and the immense size of these heads that is out of proportion to the rest of the sculptural decoration poses qustions of their identity. Their mysterious and aloof demeanor brings to mind the archetypal females depicted by the Flemish Symbolist painter Fernand Knopff, who throughout his lifetime pondered the enigmatic nature of woman. The serpent has numerous symbolic associations and is often linked with the feminine principle. It also associated with the great mysteries and cosmic forces and is a symbol of strength, energy and wisdom. The serous, introspective expression registered on the faces of the women suggests a calm rationality th at is in triking contrast to the three screaming male heads that suggest the demonic and disturbing forces in the world. This theme of torment and anguish has preoccupied many Symbolist artists, among them Edvard Munsh whose painting The scream represents the tortured side of the psyche and is viewed as metaphor for anxiety in the modern world. It is not coincidental that directly beneath the screaming head emerges one of the most often used Art Nouveau symbols – the stately peacock whose fan-shaped tail is often associated with the vault of heaven and the eyes as watchful stars. The peacock is also primary symbol of unity, thus, despite the opposing forces depicted above it may be symbolic of cosmic reconciliation. The image of the peacock in a smaller version is repeated above the second floor Windows and there its elaborate wings culminate in sinuous stems, curves and flowers once more suggesting the unity in nature. Originally four semi-nude idealized female figures spanned the second floor. Two of them emerged above entrance and one appeared on each end of the facade. Their outstretched hands, perpendicular to the facade, held golden hoops and animated the space above and below them. The circle, represented by the golden rings, has many associations, among them unity, cosmic oneness, and perfection. Thus, in the context of the entire symbolic presentation, they once more underline the idea of unity and reconciliation between opposing forces in the universe. These are most likely the „iron maidens† and represent the architectural fantasy in the wildest Style Modern† described by Sergei in his memoirs. To Sergei Eisenstein, however, the golden hoops accentuate the lack of understanding between him and his father. Recalling the maidens and the effect they had on him during a carriage ride with his father in Saint Petersburg in 1916 he states:†Outstretched hands do not hold golden rings of agreement. Nor is there a golden ring of outstretched hands of mutual understanding between the two passengers of this ride. Such hands and rings never existed on Nikolayev Street 6, Apartment 7† It is not certain when these figures were removed from the facade but their dismemberment had made a lasting impression on Sergei:†I hardly remember the day of their unveiling, but I do remember that day when taken apart, like drainpipes, they left in pieces their proud pedestals The effect is shocking and one fine day the maidens, broken into torsos, breasts, hands, waists and legs, end their strange existence No doubt, remembering them, I broke into pieces, with such delicate excitement, the figure of Alexander III in first episode of October. the downfall of Papa`s creation, also spoke to me personally of my liberation from Papa`s authority. † The rest of the decorative elements on this facade depict stylized swags, rings, medallions and chains that may be inspired by metalwork. Similar embellish ments were also used by Otto Wagner in several of his buildings, including his Moderne Galerie(1900), the apartment house at Linke Wienzeile 40 (1898-1899) and the Bridge across Zeile. These forms rendered in angular precision rather than flowing line, may attest to Eisenstein`s background as a engineer, and the new machine age of which he was an integral part. However, flower and plant motifs often accompany these geometric forms. Flanking the two doorways on both sides of the central entrance of the Lebedinsky house are stylized owls, birds of the night, whose large eyes are rendered as blossoms, once more accentuating the unifying elements in nature. The merging of geometric and natural elements is also seen in the row of eagles, universally considered the king of birds and identified the sun, victory and royalty by many cultures. It is not coincidental that their fierce beaks hold a circle, the symbol of unity, oneness and perfection. The building facade and the interior w ere restored in 2000. 5. Assessment As all Art Nouveau buildings, this too is made from that time this was brought from the then widely used materials, like glass, ferroconcrete and metal. aterials themselves attain because they are widely applicable, easy to handle and if use them correctly, can get such beautiful buildings as this one. The building is certainly a remarkable masterpiece, it included into the Old Cities Old Walls, as well as new urban form. It attracts all bystanders with their abundance of the ornamental and the tangible experience. This work has helped us gain a broader picture of the Art Nouveau buildings, not only from books, but also viewed their own and explores the buildings. It is much pleasant to realize that you know what you see, when you simply walking along the street. With this building we acquainted with making photos of it and observing it. Also we collect literature in libraries and summarize information from internet. 6. References 1. Silvija Gr osa â€Å"Art Nouveau in Riga by Silvija Grosa†, Jumava 2. J. Krastins „Art Nouveau buildings in Riga† Riga, 2007. g. 3. Solveiga Rasa â€Å"Mihails Eizensteins – Mikhail Eisenstein† 4. E. Laube Par buvniecibas stilu Zalktis, 1908. g. No. 4. 5. www. wikipedia. org 6. www. viswiki. com 7. www. kultua. lv Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Art Nouveau in Riga Architecture" essay for you Create order